Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease

Affiliations

1. Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
2. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
3. MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
4. Cancer Research UK – Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
5. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
6. Department of Haematology, Wellcome & MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
7. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ⁸ Cambridge Clinical Research Centre, NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ⁹ Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ¹⁰ Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ¹¹ NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ¹² NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK ¹³ The Australian National Phenome Centre, Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia WA 6150, Australia MRC Toxicology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK ¹⁵ R&D Department, Hycult Biotech, 5405 PD Uden, The Netherlands
8. Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
9. Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
10. Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
11. Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel & ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland

Authors

Laura Bergamaschi^1,2,20 Federica Mescia^1,2,20 Lorinda Turner^1,2,20 Aimee L.Hanson^1,2,20 Prasanti Kotagiri^1,2,20 Benjamin J. Dunmore² Hélène Ruffieux³ Aloka De Sa¹² Oisín Huhn² Michael D. Morgan^4,5 Pehuen Pereyra Gerber¹² Mark R. Wills^1,2 Stephen Baker^1,2 Fernando J.Calero‐Nieto⁶ Rainer Doffinger⁷ Gordon Dougan^1,2 Anne Elmer⁸ Ian G. Goodfellow⁹ Ravindra K. Gupta^1,2 Myra Hosmillo⁹ Kelvin Hunter^1,2 Nathalie Kingston^10,11 Paul J.Lehner^1,2 Nicholas J. Matheson^1,2,12Jeremy K. Nicholson¹³ Anna M. Petrunkina^1,2 Sylvia Richardson³ Caroline Saunders⁸ James E.D. Thaventhiran^1,2,14 Erik J.M. Toonen¹⁵ Michael P. Weekes¹ Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) COVID BioResource Collaboration, Berthold Göttgens⁶ Mark Toshner^2,16,17 Christoph Hess^1,2,18,19 John R. Bradley^2,11 Paul A. Lyons^1,2 Kenneth G.C. Smith^1,2,21